Defining Blackness in How it Feels to Be Colored Me by Zora Neale Hurston :: How it Feels to Be Colored Me

Defining Blackness in Terms of Whiteness in How it Feels to Be glum Me Wald argues that any social critique must work to divest the rhetoric of the dominant discourse of its co-optive power. American rhetoric readily co-opts stories of Black selves through an incorporating actors line of rest that obscures the actual nature of that difference. Writers of slave narratives and, later, Black autobiographers, countered charges of racial inferiority with testimonies to their industry, ingenuity, and Christian virtues, adopting precisely those terms of the Protestant work ethic through which the last justified its domination and thereby mitigated their differences(Andrews, 95 ). Defining blackness in terms of whiteness (reference to the concept of binary opposition in which peerless term negates the other) submits to the authorization of the dominant discourse and enters into the cultural subjectivity implicit in language. The altemative is equally problematic, however, since the Am erican democratic idealism ensured that any assertion of difference that could not be incorporated into the pervasive national rhetoric was systematically excluded (Wald, 80). Perhaps because of her anthropological training and her doubly marginal status as an black woman, Hurston invented a strategy that enabled her to speak from the margins. She employed an African-American language, a symbolic system that reconstituted representation itself and disrupted the dualism of the dorninant discourse. The Negroes...very words are action words... the suggestiveness of African-American blind transforms the spectator into an actor who participates in the performance himself carrying out the suggestions of the performer (Hurston, 49). Blackness becomes experiential rather than essential, a quality that permeates and suffuses rather than defines(Wald, 87). The vitality of the language blurs oppositional boundaries and any(prenominal) the meaning of blackness is, the performer and spectator are mutually involved in a relationship that undermines the representation of blackness as sin against a righteous white background (Wald, 87). Hurston draws us into the dynamics ofcoloration by redesignating color as performance. She inverts her experience of feeling different in a white milieu by setting a white person ...down in our mist, and, again, her color comes(Anthology, 1985). Hurston represents the difference in the context of a jazz performance, in which the orchestra plunges into a trope ...constricts the thorax and splits the heart... grows rambunctious, rears on its hind legs and attacks the tonal veil with primitive fury, rendering it, clawing it until it breaks through to a jungle beyond(Anthology, 1985).

Semantics Essay -- Communication, Language

Language is the primary source of communication for humans and is used to convey thoughts, feelings, intentions, and desires to others (Bonvillain 20081). Many rules are preceden into score when forming a voice communication. According to Bolton, language is arbitrary and is unrepresentative of the objects they represent (Bolton 1996 63). The study of Semantics allows us to identify the meaning of words and phrases in their literal sense, and helps us to accomplish meaning out of arbitrary sounds and phrases. It has been contributed to by both linguists and philosophers. Linguists used lexical decomposition to understand the features that comprise words and the categories in which the words fit. Philosophers dealt more with the meanings of sentences and truth condition and reference (Parker and Riley 2010 28).Semantics is still not a completely understood field, and as a result it is not easy to study (Parker and Riley 201026-27).Semantics is split into collar different atoms s ense, reference, and truth conditions.Thanks to semantics, we gain an understanding of what words mean when they are said to us. Without semantics, we would not be able to understand each other. Semantics take into account cultural, situational and environmental constructs to develop meaning in different areas of the United States and throughout the world (Bonvillain 2008 27). With that being said, there are several things that semantics brings to the English language that allows us to communicate on a deeper level and makes our language more complex. Sense is the study of the literal and intentional meaning of words and phrases. Part of this section is lexical ambiguity. This occurs when one word has more than one meaning. Parker and Riley use the example of the wo... ...nd not in the other (Parker and Riley 2010 40). Presuppositions are phrases that have to be considered true in order to evaluate the validity of another phrase. For example if I said Judy Genshaft is the president of USF and Judy Genshaft is a good president, you would have to accept the idea that she is the president in order to understand whether she was a good or bad president.In conclusion, semantics is what we use to make sense of our language. It takes into account the cultural references, environmental sayings, and situation events. perhaps the reason that semantics is so hard to understand is because it tries to make sense of something that has no meaning and things that change from place to place. Without it, our language would be much more ill-mannered than it is now, but because of it we can make sense of things, make references, and understand truth.

The Cold Embrace Essay -- Creative Writing Essays

The Cold Embrace The night in the city was going to be especially frigidness tonight. The sky had been overcast for almost the entire day, leading to a brief although torrential downpour in the mid-afternoon. The streets of the Bronx out(p)side the third-story apartment window that Leonard Jefferson Bennings now looked out were saturated from the July rainstorm and shone with a glimmer he remembered seeing from his bedroom window in Massachusetts many years ago. He wondered if he would ever conduct to see his childhood home again, and, if he did, would the world of his youth still exist even there? Like the final beams of sunlight of the day, his hope was suppuration faint as he looked out on what had once been the metropolitan heart of his country. Leonard turned away from the window, looking back into his temporary residence. It was a unprejudiced apartment, three rooms, furnished with trappings of a world that now existed only in memory. Strewn about the living room w ere such memorabilia as a 1946 Bing Crosby Christmas album, a chess set that looked to be a family heirloom, an assortment of furniture and coffee tables, and a 1939 formal, showing the way the world had looked in simpler times. Leonard could easily identify each(prenominal) country on the globe, a skill greatly useful to a high school geography teacher, and could just as easily identify how few of those countries still existed. South America was still correct north of Brazil, and most of North America was still as the sphere portrayed it. Europe, Asia, and Africa, however, would require the globe to be completely redone. Leonard had studied the globe many times in his short stay in this house, and it never failed to bring him almost to tears. From the couch on the wall far... ...ump. And then, the infinite fall, broken only by the cold embrace of the Atlantic. Nineteen minutes since they had left the ammunition room. Leonard floated alone in the water. The other baby ha d been hit in the shoulder during the jump and had sunk when she hit the water. He was sure he had heard a small explosion on the lard as he fell Christina was dead, as was everyone else by now. Leonard would join them soon. He could do little more than float with the wound in his side. If the explosion happened, he would be too close to escape. If it didnt, he would drown when he got too tired to float. He looked up at the ship one last time. As he did, a pillar of fire erupted out of it. In the light it cast, he could see the sky had cleared. The morning would have sunlight. He took one last, gasping breath, and sank at a lower place the waves forever.

Differences Between the North and South that Led to the Civil War Essay

The southwardern and conglutinationern states varied on many issues, which scourtually led them to the well-behaved War. There were deep economic, social, and semipolitical differences between the matrimony and the South. These differences stemmed from the interpretation of the United States Constitution on both sides. In the end, all of these disagreements about the rights of states led to the Civil War. There were reasons other than slavery for the South?s secession. The manifestations of division in the States were many utopian communities, conflicts over public space, backlash against immigrants, urban riots, black protest, and Indian resistance (Norton 234). America was a divided land in need reform with the South in the most need. The South relied heavily on agriculture, as opposed to the North, which was highly populate and an industrialized society. The South grew cotton, which was its main cash crop and many Southerners knew that heavy reliance on slave labor w ould hurt the South eventually, but their warnings were not heeded. The South was based on a totalitarian system.Constitutionally the North favored a loose interpretation of the United States Constitution, and they wanted to grant the national government increased powers. The South wanted to reserve all undefined powers to the individual states themselves. The South relied upon slave labor for their economic well being, and the economy of the North was not reliant on such labor or in need of this type of service. This main issue overshadowed all others. Southerners compared slavery to the wage-slave system of the North, and believed their slaves current better care than the northern factory workers received from their employers. Many Southern preachers proclaimed that slavery was sanctioned in the Bible. Southern leaders had constantly tried and true to seek new areas into which slavery might be extended (Oates 349).After the American Revolution, slavery began to decrease in the North, just as it was becoming more(prenominal) popular in the South. By the turn of the century, seven of the most Northern states had abolished slavery. During this time, a surge of democratic reform swept the North to the West, and there were demands for political equality, economic and social advances for all Americans. Northerners said that slavery revoked the human right of being a free person and when new territories became available i... ...in opinion. We should remember the peachy sacrifices our fellow citizens made during this time and appreciate their actions or endeavors. Especially that of Abraham Lincoln. The best way to assess the value of Lincoln is to think what the condition of American would be in today if he had never lived or never been President (Whitman 262).Yes, slavery was the cause of the Civil War, one-half of the country thought it was wrong, and the other half just could not let it go or continue. The war was fought overall in different places, and the monetary and property loss cannot be calculated. Arguments about the causes and consequences of the Civil War, as well as the reasons for Northern victory, will continue as long as there are historians to wield the pen ? which is, perhaps even for this bloody conflict, mightier than the sword (Oates 388). The Civil War was a great waste in terms of human life and possible accomplishment and should be considered shameful. before its first centennial, tragedy struck a new country and altered it for an eternity. It will never be forgotten, but adversity builds strength and the United States of America is now a much stronger nation (Oates 388).

Women Of Ancient Greece Essay examples -- Females Role Femininity Hist

Women in Ancient GreeceWomens role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Although women were tempered differently from city to city the basic premise of that sermon never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form manner long bonds with their husbands and effect love in arranged marriages. Women in Athenian Society Women are defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didnt extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the corresponding ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents what their domesti c duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were womens apartments in capital of Greece (Daily life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable married woman. Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To appease a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who owned her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didnt have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some mixture of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house b y a male visitor, they would return to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, it was their business to be spoken of as little as possible whether for good or ill (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the importance of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men. Marriage The betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly busines... ... between a wife and her husband. The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your servant and there will be no fear lest with advancing years your influence will wane nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the esteem in which you are held at home and all will admire you, not so much for your good looks as for your good deeds in virtual(a) life (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). Atthis, who didst live for me and breath e thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the piteous sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husbands breast, leaving Theios alone as one who is no more for with thee the hope of our life went to darkness (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87). Works citedBibliography Everyday Life in Ancient Greece C.E. Robinson. 1933. Pages 81 87. The Family, Women and Death Sally Humphreys. 1983. Pages 33 79. Daily Life in Greece Robert Flaceliere. 1959. Pages 55-83. The Greek World Edited by Anton Powell. 1995. Pages 199 273.

Women Of Ancient Greece Essay examples -- Females Role Femininity Hist

Women in Ancient GreeceWomens role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do look for on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Al though women were treated differently from city to city the basic enclose of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form deportment presbyopic bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages. Women in Athenian Society Women are defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didnt extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher(prenominal) than slaves did, they were treated in many of the same ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents wh at their domestic duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were womens apartments in Athens ( day by day Life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst put down which could befall a woman (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who owned her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didnt have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of many sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to theatrical role the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house by a male visitor, they would return to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, it was their art to be spoken of as little as possible whether for good or ill (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the impressiveness of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men. Marriage The betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly busines... ... between a wife and her husband. The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your servant and there will be no fear lest with advance years your influence will wane nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the appreciate in which you are held at home and all will admire you, not so much for your good looks as for your good deeds in practical life (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). Atthis, who didst live for me and breathe thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the mournful sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husbands breast, leaving Theios alone as one who is no more for with thee the swear of our life went to darkness (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87). Works citedBibliography Everyday Life in Ancient Greece C.E. Robinson. 1933. Pages 81 87. The Family, Women and Death Sally Humphreys. 1983. Pages 33 79. Daily Life in Greece Robert Flaceliere. 1959. Pages 55-83. The Greek World Edited by Anton Powell. 1995. Pages 199 273.

Youth Justice Policy in Britain (1945-1981) †from Punishment to Welfare

IntroductionThe discussion of the spring chicken arbitrator policy in Britain has re-gained importance in the aftermath of the August 2011 riots, which spread across capital of the United Kingdom and other major cities in the country. Think tank analysts and policy experts argued, that the youths which allegedly took part in the riots, were disillusioned and de-motivated young people from broken homes (Politics UK, 2011). The deep social problem behind youth eng whilement in the London riots raised the question most the efficacy of the youth justice body in Britain, and debates about its institutional reform permeated the political discourse.After the gruesome murder of James Bulger in 1993 by two ten-year old boys the public and policy-makers became convinced, that only a popular policy reform of the youth justice form is not sufficient. Rather a reform of specific sectors such as the ones dealing with anti-social behaviour and annulus criminal offense was much more urgent ( protector, 2011). The purpose of this short see is to critically review the different phases in the development of the youth justice system from the 1940s to 1981. Based on the conclusions, in the final section recommendations for policy reform will be made. Research questionThe purpose of this essay is to critically approach the different stages in the evolution of the youth justice policy in Britain. Based on this observation, the paper will provide an assessment of how the system has evolved and what the main trends in its transformation are. For clarity the author has decided to separate the observations in the following stages from punishment to welfare, young offenders enter the alliance, and the strengthening of the Intermediate Treatment. each(prenominal) one of them will be critically analysed in the following sections. The youth justice system in Britain a reviewBefore we proceed with the tryout of the main developments in the youth justice system in the set period , it is important to provide a brief overview of the main components and structures of this system.Similarly to other types of youth justice systems, the British one inclines towards taproom, rather then retribution (Bottoms & Dignan, 2004). Bottoms and Dignan (2004) refer to the British youth justice system as a chastisementalist and committed to the prevention of committing offences. The idea of the correctionalist system implies stronger intervention on behalf of the state, as opposed to earlier views such as letting young offenders grow out of the crime.This characteristic trend, experts argue, reflects a much more complex and multi-level approach to dealing with youth crime, involving different elements such as parents and agency teams. The trend has been accompanied with an intensive institutional reform, such as the introduction of the semi-independent body of the youth nicety Board with the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act (Community Care, 2010). In the years to follow, there has been a trend for the oneness of all activities related with youth justice under the umbrella of a single department the Ministry of umpire, in order to create accountability and higher levels of certificate of indebtedness in one of the most important and problematic policy areas in Britain. The 1940s from punishment to welfareIt is now clear that societys views on crime change over time and are susceptible to historical and social conditions. The youth justice system in Britain is an example of the transformation of the concepts of crime and offender in social and political terms. Therefore the track young criminals have been treated by the criminal justice system has been a ca character of reform throughout the years.In the late 1930s and early 1940s, perhaps one of the most important developments in the youth justice system is that a line between children and adult offenders was finally drawn. For the first time in the early 30s and 40s, the courts were obliged to con sider the welfare of the child (Thorpe et. al, 1980). This marked a monumental transformation of the whole justice system, because it determined a different role of the courts, related not only with taking punitive action, but also correction and care for the young offenders. It is now clear that the transformation from punishment to welfare has been later underpinned in another important document the UN Convention on the Rights of the youngster (Youth Justice Board, 2008). As the later stages of the British youth justice system demonstrate, the latter has always been responsive to the developments, taking place in the field of gentleman rights at any particular time. The sixties young offenders and the communityThe trend towards welferism which started in the early 1930s continued in the next several decades, and had its upper side in the 1960s, when a special legislation, concerned with the social integration and correction of the young offenders was passed (Youth Justice B oard, 2008 Thorpe et. al, 1980). In 1969 the Labour government passed a legislation to premise a revised youth justice system, based on welfare principles and reformation of criminals (Thorpe et. al, 1980). The 1969 Children and Young Persons Act emphasized the role of the community as the environment, which would joke a major role in the social integration of those who committed offences. The act also established the so-called halfway house which was the middle way between being subject to a Supervision Order (which requires minimum contact between supervisor and young person) and being taken into care (Youth Justice Board, 2008 Children and Young Persons Act, 1969). This new establishment came to be defined as Intermediate Treatment (IT) and according to some observers was the foundation of the modern youth justice system. some other intended development of this period, which however, did not come to fruition, was the attempt to increase the age of criminal responsibility from 1 0 to 14 years. Prior to the 1969 Act, the criminal responsibility age was only 8 years (Thorpe, et.al, 1980).The developments which took place between the 1940s and the late 1960s are a result of the rise of the welfare state in Britain and the rest of Europe. A major historical and sociological trend, the rise of the welfare state, which affected almost all policy sectors, was provoked by the advent of capitalism and consumerism, which according to social historians, exacerbated the class divisions in British society (Greenaway et. al, 1992). The youth justice system was no exception of this trend, and the establishments of the 1969 Act were a signifier of the league between community and policy. Youth crime was no longer a detached criminal activity for which only courts had responsibility in the late 1960s it became a priority for the whole of the British society. The 1970s and 1980s the strengthening of the Intermediate Treatment This decade was marked by persistence in the community-based sermon of young offenders. The role of community remained strong, and some judicial changes, such as the inclusion of specified activities in the Intermediate Treatment occurred. These were used to persuade magistrates to use communal sentences, instead of custodial sentences (Youth Justice Board, 2008).In this sense, the young offenders were made to participate in the welfare of the community as part of their correction process. In the light of these developments, it is interesting to notice that the connection between the community and young offenders remained twofold young offenders were still treated as part of society, despite their violations. At the same time they were expected to contribute to its development. In its turn, society was to participate in their rehabilitation and integration in the post-offence stage. This is an important characteristics of the British youth justice system, because it reveals two things that there is no positive connection be tween decreased custody and the level of youth offences, and that the British society took a middle situation between two types of justice restorative justice, focusing on repairing the harms, resulting from the offence, and retributive justice, which relates to facing the consequences of the punishment imposed. This middle stance was about to change in the 1990s, when the feral murder of two-year old James Bulger by two ten-year old boys was to push back the youth justice system towards punitive actions. Conclusion and recommendationsThis essay has attempted to critically examine the main stages in the development of the British youth system between 1945 and 1981. Two major developments have been discussed the transition towards welferism and the go towards correction, rather than punishment and custodial action. The role of the society has remained significant, and despite the developments of the early 1990s, the re-integration of young offenders has remained on the agenda.Af ter the murder of James Bulger in 1993, public guardianship was once more shifted towards the reform of the youth justice system, and more specifically against the prevention of offending and re-offending, rather than mending the consequences of it. Therefore it is important that government efforts targeted towards rescue all the institutions involved in the British youth system under a coordinated scheme of action. Different units such as social workers, community volunteers, the police and those involved in education are to work together through enhanced dialogue. This means that the sectoralism in the criminal justice system involve to be reduced, and replaced with harmonization of efforts of different actors on all levels. This would ensure a holistic, rather than sectionalized approach to solving issues, related with youth crime in Britain.Bibliography Bottoms, A. & Dignan, J. (2004) Youth Justice in Great Britain, Crime and Justice, Vol. 31Children and Young Persons Act (19 69), 22 October, The National Archives, usable at http//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1969/54Retrieved 03.03.2012 Community Care (2010) Ministry of Justice to take control of Youth Justice Board, 20th May, Thursday,Available at http//www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/20/05/2010/114543/ministry-of-justice-to-take-control-of-youth-justice-board.htmRetrieved 03.03.2012Greenaway, J.R., Smith, S. & Street, J. (1992) Deciding Factors in British Politics, London Routledge ch. 2 pp. 29-39, ch 3.Guardian (2011) What next for youth policy?, August, 25,Available at http//www.guardian.co.uk/public-leaders-network/blog/2011/aug/25/tony-blair-youth-policy-intervention-reformRetrieved 03.03.2012Politics UK (2011) Comment What is causing the riots in London?, Nick Cowen, Monday, 8th of August,Available athttp//www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2011/08/08/comment-what-is-causing-the-riots-in-londonRetrieved 03.03.2012Thorpe, D.H, Smith, D., Green, C.J, & Paley, J.H (1980) Out of Care The Community Support of Juvenile Offenders Allen and UnwinYouth Justice Board (2008) A Brief History of the Youth Justice agreement,Available at http//labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/5193/YJ_k523_1/sco.htmRetrieved 03.03.2012

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Prejudice and Stereotypes in 12 Angry Men Essay

Stereotypes use generalisations to characterise people, and 10th juryman is particularly prone to stereotyping the suspect based on socio-economic background. He regularly makes generalised statements about those people (p. 6), without ever justifying his opinions with concrete expound. Examples include .Im tellin you they let the kids run wild up there (p. 6). . Youre not going to tell us that were supposed to believe that kid, agniseing what he is. Listen, Ive lived among em all my life. You screwingt believe a word they say.I mean, theyre born liars. (P. 8) .The kids who crawl outa those places are real trash. I dont indirect request whatever part of them, Im telling you (p. 12) . Lets talk facts. These people are born to lie Ive known some who were OK, except thats the exception (pp. 51-52) . Theyre violent, theyre vicious, theyre ignorant, and they will cut us up (p. 53) The one instance where 10th juror uses details is when he argues his type, theyre multiplying five times as fast as we are. Thats the statistic. (P. 53).Yet he only uses this statistic to ground his own fears Theyre against us, they hate us, they want to destroy us If we dont smack them down whenever we can, then they are gonna own us. Theyre gonna breed us out of existence. (P. 53). 10th juror is not the only one guilty of such generalisation and stereotyping. For example, 4th states The boy Hes a product of a filthy locality and a broken home Slums are breeding grounds for criminals. I know it. So do you. Its no secret. Children from slum backgrounds are likely menaces to society. (P. 12).Similarly, 3rd juror muses .. sometimes I think wed be better off if we took these tough kids and slapped em down before they make trouble, you know? Save us a lot of time and money. (P. 3) Neither 4th nor 3rd jurors make reference to specific details of the suspects situation, only if rather rely on generalised stereotypes which support their own prejudices against those people. In fa ct, 8th is the only juror to carefully review specific details from the case rather than resorting to general class stereotypes. He notes This boys been kicked around all his life.You know living in a slum, his mother perfectly since he was nine. He spent a year and a half in an orphanage while his father served a jail term for counterfeit (p. 8). This lists specific facts and variables about the boys upbringing, rather than distilling him into a non-specific member of a socio-economic group. Similarly, in 8th jurors speech on pageboy 23,he lists specific details of the victims rough existence his gambling, his convictions, his employment history. This can be contrasted with 10th jurors simplistic and prejudiced location listen, we know the father was a bum (p.24).This contrast between these two attitudes is that 8th juror is attempting to form his opinions based on the specific factors affecting the defendant and the victim, and trying to focus on the human beings in the cas e at hand. 10th juror is content to convict the defendant based on stereotypes and generalised tendencies of others in similar situations. Once again, by aligning the less simplistic attitude with 8th juror, Twelve Angry Men endorses compassion and condemns prejudice and stereotyping.

Assess the view that ethnic differences Essay

?An Ethnic minority background increases your chances of arrest and conviction, approximately flock argue that guard racism in itself results in higher suspicion against shady people in general. According to official statistics there atomic number 18 probatory heathen differences in the likelihood of being involved in the condemnable justice system. Black and Asians ar overrepresented in the system. For example black people reach up 2. 8% of the population, but 11% of the prison ho drill population. Contrastingly smocks argon chthonianrepresented.However such statistics do non single out us whether members of one socialal group are to a greater extent probably than members of another ethnic group to commit an offence in the first place they just tell us approximately involvement in the vicious justice system. For example differences in hang on and search or arrest order may be referable(p) to patrol racism, firearm differences in rates of imprisonment may be the result of courts handing down harsher sentences on minorities. There are other sources of statistics to reveal pertain of ethnicity and offending. Victim surveys ask individuals to say what evils they incur been victims of.We can get information on ethnicity and offending from surveys when we ask what ethnicity of the person who committed the offensive against them. For example in the case of mugging blacks are overly represented among those indentified by victims as offenders. Victim surveys show much abhorrence is intra-ethnic it takes place within rather than amongst ethnic groups. For example the British crime survey (2007) nominate 90% of where the victim was white at least one of the offenders was also white. However while victim surveys are useful in identifying ethnic patterns of offending, they have several limitations. They rely on a victims memory of plaints.Ben wheel and Coretta Phillips (2002) found whites may over identify blacks, saying the offender was black even when not sure. They only cover personal crimes, which make up 20% of every crimes. They exclude under 16s minority ethnic groups contain a higher proportion of young person people. They exclude crimes by big business thus tell us nothing of ethnicity of white collar criminals. Thus victim surveys only tell us well-nigh the ethnicity of a small proportion of offenders, which may not be representative of offenders in general. Self report studies ask individuals to disclose their own dishonest and violent behaviour.Graham and Bowling (1995) found that blacks and whites had similar rates of offending, while Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis had lower rates. Similarly Sharp and Budd (2005) note that the 2003 offending, crime and justice survey of 12,000 people found whites and mixed ethnic origin groups were more apparent than blacks and Asians to say they had committed offences. The Home Office have conducted nine self report studies on drugs since the early 1990s, all with similar findings. Sharp and Budd (2005) found 27% of mixed ethnicity individuals said they had used drugs in the last year, compared to 16% of blacks and whites, and 5% of Asians.Use of descriptor a drugs, such as heroin or cocaine was 3 times higher among whites than blacks and Asians. The findings of self report studies challenge stereotypes of blacks more believably than whites to offend, though they support the widely held view Asians are little likely to offend, however self report studies have their limitations in relation to ethnicity and offending. Overall the evidence of ethnicity and offending is at variance(p). For example while official statistics and victim surveys point to the likelihood of higher rates of offending by blacks this is generally not the results of self report studies.There are ethnic differences at each stage of the criminal justice process. To explain them we need to look at main stages of the process that an individual may go through, possibly culminating in a custodial sentence. Phillips and Bowling (2007) argue since the 70s there have been m either allegations of oppressive policing of minorities, including stop and search, deaths in custody, law of nature violence and failure to respond effectively to anti-Semite(a) violence. Minorities are more likely to be stopped and searched by police. Statistics show Asians were three times more likely to be searched under this act.Its thus unsurprising minorities are less likely to think police acted politely when stopped, or think they were stopped fairly. Phillips and Bowling (2007) argue these communities feel over policed and over protected and have confine faith in the police. There are three possible reasons for the disproportionate use of stop and search against minorities. Police racism the Macpherson Report (1999) on the police investigation of the racist murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence concluded there was institutional racism in the Metropolitan police.Ot her have found profoundly ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers. For example Phillips and Bowling point out that many officers hold negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals, leading to heedful targeting for stop and search. Such stereotypes are endorsed and upheld by the canteen culture of rank and file officers. Ethnic differences in offending an alternative explanation is that the disproportionality in stop and searches simply reflects ethnic differences in levels of offending.However its useful to distinguish betwixt low slightness and high discretion stops. In low discretion stops police act on relevant information about a specific offence, for example a victims description of the offender. In high discretion stops police act without specific intelligence. It is in these stops police can use stereotypes that disproportionality and discrimination are more likely. demographic factors ethnic minorities are over represented in the population group s who are most likely to be stopped such as the young, the unemployed, manual workers and urban dwellers.These groups are all more likely to be stopped, regardless of their ethnicity, but they are also groups who have a higher proportion of ethnic minorities in them, so minorities get stopped more. Figures in England and Wales show that in 2006/07, the arrest rates for blacks was 3. 6 times higher than for whites. Contrastingly once arrested blacks and Asians were less likely to receive a police caution. One reason for this may be more likely to deny the offence and likely to exercise their right to lawful advice. However not admitting the offence means they cannot be let off with a caution and are more likely to be charged instead.The vertex prosecution service is the body responsible for deciding whether a case brought by the police should be prosecuted in court. In doing so CPS essential decide whether there is a solidistic prospect of conviction and whether the prosecution i s in the publics interest. Studies suggest the CPS is more likely to hurtle cases against minorities. Bowling and Phillips (2002) argue this may be because the evidence presented to the CPS by the police is often weaker and based on stereotyping of ethnic minorities as criminals.When cases do go ahead minorities are more likely to elect trial before a jury in the Crown Court rather than the magistrates court, perhaps due to mistrust of magistrates impartiality. However crown courts can impose more severe sentences if convicted. Thus is interesting to note minorities are less likely to be found guilty. This suggests discrimination, in that the police and CPS may be bringing weaker or less serious cases against ethnic minorities that are thrown out by the courts.In 2006/7 custodial sentences were given to a greater proportion of black offenders (68%) than white (55%) or Asian offenders (59%), whereas whites and Asians were more likely than blacks to receive community sentences. This may be due to differences in seriousness of the offences or defendants previous convictions. However a study of 5 crown courts by roger Hood (1992) found even when such factors were taken into account, black men were 5% more likely to receive a custodial sentence, and were given sentences of an average of 3 months longer than whites. some other reason for harsher sentences id pre sentence reports (PRs) written by probation officers. A PRs is intended as a risk assessment to assist magistrates in deciding on the detach sentence for a given offender. However Hudson and Bramhall (2005) argue that PRs allow for unwitting discrimination. They found reports on Asian offenders were less comprehensive and suggested that they were less remorseful than white offenders. They place this bias in the context of demonising Muslims in the wake of 9/11 attacks. In 2007, one quarter of the male prison population was minorities.Blacks were fin times more likely to be in prison than whites. Black and Asians were more likely to be serving longer sentences. Within the total prison population all minorities had a higher than average proportion of prisoners on remand. This is because minorities are less likely to be granted bail whilst awaiting trial. There are similar patterns in other countries, for example in USA two fifths of prison population is black. There was large scale migration from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent in the 50s, at this time it was agreed minorities had lower crime rates.However by the 70s there was conflict between blacks and the police meaning black criminality became more of a problem. Contrastingly by the 90s Asian crime also became viewed as a problem. Events e. g. 9/11 cemented the creative thinker that Asians were a threat to public order. There are two main explanations for ethnic differences in crime left(p) realism and neo-Marxism. Left realists Lea and Young (1993) argue ethnic differences in statistics reflect real differences in the lev els of offending by different ethnic groups. Left realists see crime the product of relative deprivation, subculture and marginalisation.They argue racism had led to economic expulsion of ethnic minorities who face higher unemployment, poverty and poor housing. At the same time the Medias emphasis on consumerism promotes a sense of relative deprivation by setting materialistic goals that many minorities are unable to reach by legitimate means. One response is formation of delinquent subcultures, especially by young unemployed blacks. It finds higher utilitarian crime to cope with relative deprivation. Furthermore as these groups are marginalised and have no groups to represent their interests their frustration is liable to produce non utilitarian crime such as rioting.Lea and Young acknowledge police often act in racist ways and results in excessive criminalisation of some members of minorities. However they dont believe discriminatory policing fully explains the statistics. For example over 90% of crimes known to the police are inform by the public rather than discovered themselves. Under these circumstances even if police act discriminatory its unlikely it can account for ethnic differences in statistics. Similarly Lea and Young argue we cannot explain differences in minorities in terms of police racism. For example blacks are more criminalised than Asians.The police would have to be selective in their racism for racism to cause these differences. Lea and Young thus conclude that the statistics represent real differences in levels of offending between ethnic groups and these are caused by real differences in levels of relative deprivation and marginalisation. However Lea and Young can be criticised for their views on the role of police racism. For example arrest rates may be lower for Asians because police stereotype them differently. Stereotypes may have changed since 9/11, explaining rising criminalisation of this group.While left realists see official statistics reflecting real differences in offending between ethnic groups, other sociologists have argued differences in statistics do not reflect reality. These differences are the force of a process of social construction that stereotypes ethnic minorities as inherently more criminal than the majority of the population. The work of neo Marxists Paul Gilroy (1982) and Stuart Hall (1979) illustrates this view. Gilroy argues the idea of black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotypes of African Caribbeans and Asians.In reality these groups are no more criminal than any other. However as a result of the police and criminal justice system acting on these racist stereotypes, ethnic minorities came to be criminalised and thus to fall out in greater numbers in official statistics. Gilroy argues ethnic minority crime can be seen as a form of political tube against a racist society, and this struggle has roots in earlier struggle against British imperialism. Gilroy holds a sim ilar view to that of critical criminology which argues working class crime is a political act against capitalism.Most blacks and Asians in the UK originated from former colonies where their anti imperialist struggles taught them how to resist oppression, for example through riots and demonstrations. When they found themselves facing racism in Britain they adopted the same form of struggles to defend themselves, but their political struggle was criminalised by the British state. However Lea, Young and Gilroy are criticised on several grounds. commencement ceremony generation immigrants were very law abiding, so its unlikely they passed their anti colonialist struggle onto their children.Most crime is interethnic, criminals and victims usually have similar ethnic backgrounds, so it cant be seen as anti colonial struggle against racism. Lea and Young argue Gilroy romanticises street crime as revolutionary. Asian crime rates are similar to or lower than whites. If Gilroy were right the n the police are only racist towards black and not Asians, which seems unlikely. Stuart Hall et al adopt a neo Marxist perspective. They argue the 70s saw a moral alarm over black muggers that served the interests of capitalism.Hall et all argues the ruling class can normally rule the subordinate classes through consent. However in times of crisis this becomes more difficult. In the early 70s British capitalism faced a crisis. High inflation and rising unemployment provoked widespread industrial unrest and strikes. When opposition to capitalism was growing the ruling class may need to use force to keep control. However the use of force needs to be legitimated or provoke more resistance. The 70s also saw a media driven affright of the growth of mugging.In reality mugging was a new name for street robbery and Hall et al suggest there was no crucial increase of this crime at the time. Mugging was soon to be associated by the media, police and politicians with black youth. Hall et al argues that the emergence of the moral panic about mugging as a specifically black crime at the same time as crisis of capitalism was no coincidence the moral panic and crisis were linked. The myth of the black mugger served as a scapegoat to distract attention from the true cause of problems of unemployment, namely the crisis of capitalism.The black mugger symbolised disintegration of social order. By presenting black youth as a threat to the fabric of society the moral panic served to divide the working class on racial grounds and relegate opposition to capitalism as well as winning popular consent to authoritarian forms of rule to suppress opposition. However Hall et al do not argue that black crime was solely a product of media and police labelling. The crisis of capitalism was increasingly marginalising black youth through unemployment and drove them to a lifestyle of hustling and petty crime to survive.However Hall et al have been criticised on several grounds. Downes and Ro ck (2003) argue that Hall et al are inconsistent in claiming that black street crime was not rising, but also that it was rising because of unemployment. They do not show how a capitalist crisis led to a moral panic, nor do they provide evidence that the public were in fact panicking or blaming crime on blacks. Left realists argue inner city residents fears about mugging are not panicky but realistic. Until recently the focus of the ethnicity and crime debate was largely about the over representation of blacks in the criminal justice system.However recently sociologists have studied racist development of ethnic minorities. Racist victimisation occurs when an individual is selected as a target because of their race, sexual urge or religion. Racist victimisation is nothing new, but brought into public view with the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 and the subsequent Macpherson inquiry into the police investigation. Information of victimisation comes from two main sources th e British crime survey and police recorded statistics. These generally cover racist incidents, any incident perceived to be racist by the victim or another person.They also cover racially or religiously aggravated offences where the offender is motivated by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group. The police recorded 60,000 racist incidents in England and Wales in 2006/7, mostly damage to property and verbal harassment. However most incidents go unreported the British crime survey estimates there were 184,000 racially motivated incidents in 2006/7. The police recorded 42,600 racially or religiously aggravated offences on 06/7, mostly harassment. 10,600 people were prosecuted or cautioned for racially aggravated offences in 2006.The risk of being a victim of any sort of crime varies by ethnic group. The 2006/7 British crime survey shows people of mixed ethnic background had a higher risk of becoming a victim of crime than blacks, Asians or whites. The differences may be partly the result of factors other than ethnicity. For example for violent crime factors such as being young, male and unemployed are strongly linked to victimisation.Ethnic groups with a high proportion of young males are thus likely to have higher rates of victimisation. However some of these factors such as unemployment are themselves partly due to discrimination while the statistics record the instances of victimisation they dont capture the victims fix of it. As Sampson and Phillips (1992) note racist victimisation tends to be over time with repeated minor instances of abuse with periodic physical violence. The resulting long term mental impact needs to be added to the physical injury and damage to property caused by offenders. Members of minority ethnic communities have often been active in responding to victimisation.Responses consort from situational crime prevention measures such as fireproof doors to organised self defence campaigns. Such responses need to be unders tood in the context of accusations of under protection by the police who often ignore the racist dimension in victimisation and fail to investigate incidents properly. For example the Macpherson enquiry (1999) concluded the police investigation into the death of black teenager Stephen Lawrence was marred by incompetence, institutional racism and failure of leadership by senior officers. Others have found late ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers.

Religion, Rituals, and Health

Chapter 4 Religion, Rituals, and Health Overview of Chapter Topics Introduction Religion, spirituality, and ritual Religion in the U. S. Religion and wellness behaviors Effect of theology on health-related behaviors Religion and health outcomes Religion and medical decisions Rituals in relation to health practices Case Study Cystic fibrosis in a Hasidic Jewish patient Religion, Spirituality, and Ritual There is considerable overlap between religion and spirituality. Religion a ruling in and respect for a supernatural power or powers, which is regarded as creator and governor of the universe, and a in the flesh(predicate) or institutionalized system grounded in such a belief or worship Spirituality the flavour force within each of us, and it refers to an individuals attempt to find meaning and purpose in manners Religion, Spirituality, and Ritual Religion is more associated with behaviors that can be quantified than the more inchoate term, spirituality. Religion can be categorized by denomination, so there is more agreement about the meaning of the term, and it can be more easily quantified (i. . , place of worship) Similar overlap exists between religion and ritual. Religion may let in established rituals, but not all rituals argon associated with a specific religion. Consequently, this chapter examines the relationship between ritual and health separately from the relationship between religion and health. Religion in the U. S. In 1999, 95% of population in U. S. reported a belief in God or higher power. In a 2005 study, 57% of those queried stated that religion is very important in their lives, while some 28% stated that it is fairly important. Since 1992, studies carry found consistent pass judgment of attendance at religious places of worship. Religion and ethnicity may be loosely linked, but a persons religious affiliation should not be assumed based on his/her ethnicity. Religion and Health Behaviors Lifestyle is single most pro minent influence over health today. People with religious ties have been shown to follow healthier behavioral patterns than the nonreligious related to Wider networks of social support than does a strictly secular carriage Social networks are often key to contend with life stress so improved coping mechanisms Proscribed behaviors (i. . , no alcohol consumption or premarital sex) Religion and Health Behaviors Dietary practices with achievable effects on health Prohibition or restriction of consumption of animal products and beverages Fasting Prohibition or restriction of use of stimulants and depressants be caseful of addictive properties some(a) religions incorporate the use of stimulants or depressants into their ceremonies Religious practice may correlate with po stupefyive health behaviors generally, as well as with reduced rates of first and higher rates of marital stability Religion and Health Behaviors Religion thought to correlate to positive outcomes with respe ct to Hypertension Mortality/longevity impression Suicide Promiscuous sexual behavior Drug and alcohol use Delinquency General feelings of well-being Hope/purpose/meaning in life Self-esteem Educational attainment Religion and Health Outcomes Religion also can harm health Sometimes used to justify hatred, aggression, and prejudice apprize be judgmental, alienating, exclusive Can cause feeling of religious guilt or feeling of failure to meet religious expectations May restrict health care services because belief that health is in Gods handsReligion and Medical Decisions Beginning of life decisions Abortion Opposed or strictly trammel by many religions (i. e. , health of the mother is at risk if pregnancy continued child would be born with a disability that willing cause suffering rape incest) Birth control usage Varying methods approved or strongly opposed by certain religions some religions permit hormonal methods but not the methods that block or destroy sper m Religion and Medical Decisions End of life decisions Religious belief may influence decisions to sustain/reject optional interpositions to prolong life at the end i. . , respirators, organ transplants, feeding tubes Religion and Medical Decisions End of life decisions Organ donation post is changing some now view it an act of compassion related to belief in resurrection Euthanasia the act or practice of ending life of someone who is suffering from a terminal illness or incurable condition by lethal injection or suspension of medical treatment Opposed when viewed as murder or suicide or that it will damage karma (states that one must show respect for preservation of life) Some retrieve as an act of compassion and concern for dignityReligion and Medical Decisions End of life decisions Use of advance directives for end of life care Advanced directives are juristic documents that enable a person to convey his or her decisions about care ahead of time Include informatio n about use of life-sustaining equipment, unlifelike hydration and nutrition (tube feeding), resuscitation, organ donation, comfort care Concerns related to appointing one person as the decision maker in collectivists cultures, person undergoing needless suffering, and if you discuss it, it will happenRitual in Relation to Health Practices Ritual a set of actions that usually are very structured and have symbolic meaning or tax May be performed on certain occasions, at regular intervals, or at discretion of individuals or communities held in private or public trussed to numerous activities and events i. e. , births, deaths, holidays, club meetings, etc. Many rituals in health care settings i. . , being on time for appointments, how people are addressed, where patients sit Ritual in Relation to Health Practices Objects as rituals (i. e. , amulets, bracelets, statues, crosses) Importance of shrines in ritual activities (many are for health and healing) Rituals involving ani mal sacrifice (done to build and maintain personal relationship with a spirit) Birth rituals (i. e. food restrictions, silent birth, how placenta is discarded) Death rituals (how and when the body is disposed of, prayer, dress, use of flowers) Summary Religion and spirituality play a study role in peoples lives and in their health decisions and behaviors. It has been shown to improve health, but also can contribute to health problems Impacts medical decisions Many rituals are related to health and some are tied to specific religions .

Portfolio Management and Strategic Management Paper Essay

The portfolio management concept is critical to supporting an organizations mission and goals. Portfolio management will rule which projects will be chased when the budget or resources are limited. Organizations sometimes find that they induce many projects they would like to complete but there will be times that it is non possible. Portfolio management will review the projects that not only are being worked on but likewise review any possible pending projects and determine if there is money and resources to continue. They will then prioritize projects and eliminate any that are determined wrong for the organization.According to Kerzner, H. (2013), portfolio management focuses attention at a more aggregate level. Its primary objective is to identify, select, finance, monitor and maintain the appropriate mix of projects and initiatives necessary to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Project management focuses on a particular project that has already been recognized by p ortfolio management as a project that will support the mission and goals of the organization.Portfolio management will also be looking at what financing will be available for each project and also be looking out for the right florilegium of projects. It wouldnt be in the organizations best interest to only support projects that would be geared towards one goal of the organization. They need to make sure that they are looking at every goal or mission and balancing out the projects.There can be issues with portfolio management. In project management we have discussed using the experts in the organization to help with the planning and in many cases the implementation of a project. With portfoliomanagement the ones making the decisions may not have the expertise, association and information and therefore could decide a project isnt a good choice when in fact it should be considered. There could be conflicts, involuntariness to share, differences in thought as well as certain departmen t loyalties that may cause incorrect decisions.strategic management refers to management who are goals-oriented in which the mission and planned achievements of an organization are clearly set out and all management processes are designed and monitored toward reaching the organization overall goals, (What Is Strategic Management, 2011). A mission statement within the organization will set the goals of the organization.ReferencesKerzner, H. (2013). Project management A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (11th ed.). Hoboken, NJ whoremaster Wiley & Sons. What is strategic management. (2011). Retrieved from http//www.managementskillsadvisor.com/what-is-strategic-management.html

A Literary Analysis of the Sweet Hereafter Essay

In the final section of the novel, The Sweet Hereafter, Banks seems to be using the demolition derby setting as a place for everyone to meet and see just just now how things have changed in the town of Sam Dent since the tragic bus accident that happened the preliminary winter. It serves as a place that can be compared and contrasted with how the townspeople act this year versus the previous years. It is also a place where most everyone in the town comes annually. It may be told through Dolores perspective but she gives the reader an idea of simply how different of an experience it is for her this year from last year. She also eludes through her history how specific people are different this year.The most significant change in a person that I was able to notice was the change in billy goat Ansel. Dolores commented on how he was drunk when she saw him at the demolition derby. He was carrying a flask with him and had a charwoman with him that was, as Dolores commented, Not the diversity of woman youd expect to see in Billy Ansels company (233). Dolores described the fashion Billy use to be by express that he had been a noble man and now he was ruined (235). I could tell differences in Billy as well. The first thing that tip me off about how he was acting was that he was cursing profusely. Before all of this happened he would curse, but at the demolition derby it was like he couldnt go for an entire sentence without cursing.Russell Banks did a very good job of changing the dialogue that came about in a conversation with Billy Ansel. It really gave me a sense of giving up. It seems to me that Billy has given up. He no longer is trying to be the pillar of strength that he used to be. He doesnt hide the fact that he is a drunk and he doesnt seem to care very much about the woman he is with. These are some very big changes in Billy. He is clearly a wounded and beaten man. I think that Dolores summed it up absolutely when she said, I looked across to Billy Ansel and realized that what frightened and saddened me most about him was that he no longer loved anybody. All the man had was himself. And you cant love only yourself(237).Another reason why I think that Banks put Dolores at the Demolition Derby was to give her a chance to debate upon all the other lives that were affected by the tragic accident. She goes on for two pages about all the people whowere different now. The Walkers were getting a divorce, the Lamstons were on welfare, the Bilodeaus and Atwaters were in jail for dealing drugs, and the Ottos were isolating themselves from the world. Because Dolores was in this situation with all the townspeople shunning her, it served as the perfect time and place to wrap up exactly what has become of the survivors and the families of the victims.Overall, the county fair and demolition derby was the perfect place to end the novel. It brought everyone together again because it was an annual event that the whole town attended. It served a s a comparison to the past years when it would be in town. When you go to an event every year such as this you tend to know what to expect. This year Dolores had no idea and that scared her. The whole time she was there she was making then and now comparisons of the people who she saw. The reflections and comparisons are a perfect way to manifest exactly how affected by the accident the people of Sam Dent were. It seems to me that this town has given up just as Billy Ansel did. Dolores says, All over town there were empty houses and trailers for sale that last winter had been homes with families in them.A town needs its children, just as much and in the same slipway as a family does. It comes undone without them, turns a community into a windblown scattering of isolated individuals (236). This is the way that I see this town as well. It unquestionably resembles what I would think that a windblown scattering of isolated individuals would look like. Clearly this accident has affect ed the whole town in a way that might never be repaired. And the last section that takes place at the demolition derby was a place for them all to come together and show each other exactly how different it all was.

Compare the Crucible and the Mccarthy Era Essay

The McCarthy era, which took place during the 1950s in the united States was a time people was afraid of communism. Americans believed the Soviet magnetic conjugation going to take over the disposal of the united States and Americans can lose their freedom. As a result of McCarthyism Arther Miller, wrote The Crucible because people was falsely criminate of communism like how in Salam that was accused of witchcraft.During this period, a climate of fearfulness of communism existed in the United States due to certain significant events. One of these events was the trial of Alger snort. Whittaker chambers a former Soviet Union clams that Alger hiss had been giving the Soviet Union information about the united state government. In court chambers was ask about his association with Alger Hiss. Chambers had described how he stayed with Alger and his wife Priscilla for whatever time. Chambers said how tried to get Alger to leave the communist party, but he refused to leave the party.A lger hiss claim that he dont know a man name Whittaker and he neer seen him before in his life. Nixon asks chambers many questions about Algers nicknames, habits, vacations and hobbies. Chambers said the Hiss two had the same hobby amateur ornithologists and bird observers. On October 8, chambers find four notes handwritten by Alger hiss, copies of state documents and 35mm film. Alger was accused of making copies of state government. The documents were type using Woodstock typewriter.Another event that cause fear during the McCarthy era is the effect of the Korean War. The Korean War was between the noncommunist and communist. Korea was divided by the communist the north and noncommunist the south. On June 25, 1950 North Korea invaded southward Korea. America sends over the navy, Army and some of the united nation to encourage sulfur Korea fight off North Korea. North Korea pushed past and got to the capital of South Korea call Seoul. The South Korea pushes them back to the 38th parallel line. The Korea war finally ended July of 1953. The Americans fear if they had let North Koreaconjured South Korea then communism will spread to the United States.During the 1987 the Soviet Union is trying to create more than deadly missiles and weapons. For the first time in 1986 an adversary has the ability to destroy our country and us in the matters of minutes (Chapman). The Soviet Union has an advantage because they have nuclear missiles. Also the Soviet Union has do their research on ballistic missile defenses and land base missals.The climate of fear of communism in the United States leads to the rise of McCarthyism. McCarthyism is a mid-20th century political attitude characterized chiefly by opposition to elements held to be subversive and by the use of tactics involving personal attacks on individuals by means of widely publicize indiscriminate allegations especially on the basis of unsubstantiated charges. Joseph McCarthy on December 2, 1954 was voted senate of the United States.McCarthy gave a barbarism on February 9, 1950 in West Virginia he said he had a list of 205 people in the State Department known to be members of the Communist Party. Joseph used his manipulate way and the eras fear of global communism allowed him to build power while destroying lives and careers. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities of private citizens, public employees, and t organizations suspected of having Communist ties.

Classical Civilisation Essay

To what extent canister we reconstruct the palace civilisation of Mycenae? What does the evidence tell us about their society and how they lived?This Golden Age, unbroken alive by Homers poetry, tells the story of an advanced society during a current in history adorned by wealth and legends, believed to have been circa 1450 to 1100 BC. Assembling the limited evidence reveals the art and computer architecture of the Mycenaean World. The rebrinys of the palaces show evidence of a rich civilisation. The later Greeks referred to this period as a Golden Age when men were bigger and stronger than they are now (Homers Iliad). This is a fascinating duration glorified with heroes and victory, which almost three millenniums later, still captures the curiosity of so many.The evidence practised to reconstruct this period is questionable. There are archaeological finds, which include the sites and the artefacts. It is difficult to draw accurate conclusions from these due to their age. Then t hither are literary sources such as Homers Iliad and Odyssey. The problem with using these sources is that many great deal believe that Homer lived around 700BC, which means the stories he tells will have been greatly adapted to his period. Additionally, others suggest that there is little evidence proving that the books are not purely fictional.Architecture and body structure proves wealth and culture. progressively influenced by Crete, the Mycenaeans began to build palaces of their own. Initially they modelled them on Minoan architecture. This implies that they sailed across the sea. Later they began to develop huge fortifications. Palaces were strengthened throughout Hellas. The most famous Greek palace of the Mycenaean period was found at Mycenae, the metropolis of the legendary Agamemnon who was anax of the expedition against Troy. Others were found in Pylos, Thebes, Athens and Iolkos.They were logically constructed and shared the same features, which proves there was a li nk between them. They were obviously not isolated from one another. unmatched may assume Mycenae was the main palace and possibly had a primitive infrastructure connecting it to the other sites.The centre of the palace was a pillared porch called a megaron (figure 1). A throne would have as well(p) been found on one side. This implies they had a queen regnant who held an important role in society. The first offend appeared to have been used for storage and the second floor was where the women lived. The materials used to construct these structures include stone blocks, mud brick, bonding timber and plaster, which proves the Mycenaeans were a resourceful, organised society. Their building technique is known as corbelling, where each successive row of stones in a wall is move further out than the previous one below it.The palace of Pylos was the only one not to be fortified by huge walls, one of the main features of Mycenaean palaces. There were three types of citadels polygon al (various cause blocks neatly fitted together), ashlar (squared blocks neatly fittedCyclopean walls 2 The Lions Gate together) and finally the famous cyclopean walls (huge, irregular stones pliable massive walls) called so because they were so large that it was believed only a Cyclops could have built them (figure 3).The walls at the palace of Mycenae, where The Lions Gate was uncovered in 1841, are 1100 meters long, protecting the dominating power of the Peloponnese (figure 4).These massive defences also show that the Mycenaeans felt the need to protect themselves from external threats.Houses were built below the citadel, which implies a close community. They were by and large self-sufficient homes with a kitchen, altar and hearth. Their furniture was varied and frequently included a plaster bench, tables, foot-stoles and still bathtubs. Their homes appear to have been comfortable.More isolated homes were also uncovered in the hills (i.e. Mouriatada, on the west coast). The c onstructions were smaller and did not use such high quality masonry but did include a megaron and private houses. One may deduce from this that wealth peaked in and around the palaces.Water supplies were an equally important construction to ensure survival and well-being. The palace of Athens had a well, built within the walls, making it accessible, even if they were peril by a siege.The cistern built at Mycenae at the end of the 13th century, extended tube beyond the walls, making it more vulnerable (figure 5).The Mycenaeans learned from the Minoans, in crafts, in efficient organisation and in writing. This is concluded from the similar architecture, tablets and pottery found. The wave of palace destructions on Crete around 1450 and the eventual fall of Knossos around1375 pronounced the start of the most flourishing period for the Mycenaeans.New pottery shapes and styles began. They produced three handled jars, kraters (large bowls) and kylikes (goblets with long stems). Backgro unds were being multicoloured red or black as opposed to light, matt tones. Forms appeared more natural, like the Minoan art. They began to use floral decorations.Next, the Mycenaean Age adopted geometric patterns and abstract forms on its pottery. They made stirrup jars, until now another indication of Minoan influence.As the civilisation reached its height, so did the art. Vases were mass-produced for export as well as for use on the main land. Evidence of objects from afar were found at the Palace of Knossos, in Crete, which shows signs of huge wealth, probably due to the position of the island, the cross road of the Mediterranean in circa 1400 BC. The Mycenaeans were equally as good tradesmen as the Minoans. Their pottery was found in Sicily, Rhodes, Cyprus, Italy, Asia Minor, Northern Syria and Miletus, which suggests they were good sailors and traded with the east Mediterranean and Europe. In some places their influence seems so strong that one could think that they had perm anent strongholds there, what we may consider straightaway a colonisation. However, they were not able to enter Asia Minor because of the Hittites, described as a strong, troublesome civilisation.

Declaration of Principles and Policies Essay

virtually of us here in Congress may have heard of the cancellation of CLOAs in Hacienda Looc, Batangas, Sumilao, Bukidnon and Hacienda Maria, Agusan del Sur. These are scarce some of the 2,555 cases involving cancellation of EPs and CLOAs which covers 29,682 hectares of land. To be specific, the case of Hacienda Maria in Agusan del Sur involves ninety-four (94) farmers that were already in self-will of the land with titles issued more than ten years ago. These titles are now facing cancellation, apparently on the realm that the former Ministry of rural Reform has erroneously covered that piece of land under Presidential commandment no. 27. One of the grounds for cancellation under DAR Administrative Order No. 2, series of 1994 is when the land is build to be exempted/excluded from P.D. No. 27/E.O. No. 266 or CARP coverage or to be get going of the landowners retained areas as determined by the Secretary or his authorized representative.Or the lands voluntarily offered unde r section 19 of Republic Act No. 6657 but which are make to be outside the coverage of CARP. While the grounds for cancellation of EPs and CLOAs under DAR AO No. 2, series of 1994 are in the main valid, setting a prescriptive period for the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs is in order. Truly, it is the height of callousness to cancel EPs or CLOAs of farmer beneficiaries who have been, for years, diligently amortizing recompenses to their lands. With regard to DAR AO No. 3, series of 1996, it would also be unjust that farmer beneficiaries be made to suffer in a fault they did not have any part of. In awarding parcels of land to farmer beneficiaries, it is the DAR that negotiates with the landowners and farmer beneficiaries. The latter two parties do not have rate negotiation with each other except if the land will be under the direct payment scheme. In addition, it is the government and not the farmer beneficiaries that determines which lands would be covered by land reform.The farm ers participation only starts after the DAR has finished negotiations with the landowners and EPs or CLOAs are awarded to them. As such, the farmer beneficiaries should be regarded as innocent purchasers for value. This bill has six objectives. First, this legislation reaffirms that EPs and CLOAs are land titles under Presidential Decree No. 1529 second, it provides for prescriptive periods for the filing of petitions for the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs third, it provides for compensation to landowners, whose lands were erroneously covered by land reform programs fourth, it ensures that the farmer beneficiaries do not bear the consequences of the DARs errors in distributing lands that should have been exempted from coverage of our agrarian laws Fifth, this legislation limits the effect of the discussion section of Justice Opinion No. 44, series of 1990 that excludes lands that have been reclassified or even without the concurrence of the Department of Agrarian Reform.The DOJ Opin ion, though not a law, has been continuously cited as a ground for cancellation of EPs and CLOAs. Finally, it prevents the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs through the regulation of laws that further exempt lands from the coverage of agrarian reform laws. An example of this is the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs on the ground that the landowners were not nonrecreational just compensation. Truly, farmer beneficiaries should not be deprived of the lands awarded to them if the government is unable to fulfill its duties under the laws. musical passage of this bill is, earnestly sought.

Challenges Library Management System Essay

n 1981, UNESCO produce a necessitate prep ard by Jean Lunn1 from Canada, Guidelines for Legal repair Legislation. His study is now 30 years white-haired since its prevalentation. M whatever countries sport amended or significantly rewritten their levelheaded baffle laws (Germ both, Ind unmatchablesia, and Norway in 1990 France in 1992, Sweden in 1994, Canada in 1995, S bug forbidden(a)h Africa in 1997, Denmark in 1998 and Japan & Finland in 2000). Others ar in the help of doing so (Australia, India, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom).The forms of intellectual and artistic expressions capture grown in different dimensions. New produce media have been developed and electronic domainations ar now an integral give out of many subject field publishing heritages. UNESCO was downstairs pressure to bring out a rewrited chance variable of the Guideline in order to check up on the imp toy of it on another(prenominal) countries and to incorporate hot forms of publishing, much(prenominal) as, electronic matters. The new revised and up namingd edition of the Guidelines of Legal 2 Deposit Legislation (2000, UNESCO) by Jules Lariviere is found to be a useful tool.The Indian relevant act, Deli actually of Books operation 1954 (rev. 1956 to include news subjects and periodicals) has been chthonian the scanner shortly after it was define into activity and over the go away five decades the field of study subroutine subroutine subroutine library, Kolkata and the cardinal other recipient regional overt libraries, Connemara pubic subroutine library, Chennai, exchange Library, Town H completely, Mumbai and Delhi Public Library, Delhi, and especi every(prenominal)y the publishing world directly involved with it, expressed partake and drew assist of the Government of India, of its limitations and in stiffness.The internal Library, Federation of Indian Publishers (FIP) and some(prenominal)(prenominal) professional program librar y organizations discussed its drawbacks and recommended rescript or specific amendments of the act at various seminars, conferences and other forums. Ministry of Culture, the concerned agency of the government of India, rectify up several committees to deal with the depicted object Library. The Recommendations of the interior(a) Knowledge Commission3 and its Working Group on Libraries (NKC-WGL, 2006) is exclusively silent on this and other national library think make outs. It would be enamour to draw attention to an article by 3.Ch anyenges in Library focus System (CLMS 2012) Bandopadhyay (2000) former Director of the National Library, is double-dyed(a) enough with a complete set of plan of movement for the concerned Ministry to initiate the revision process at the earliest. As a follow up, the Ministry took around steps to obtain the views, of other stakeholders, including academics, library users class and senior library professionals. Based on these suggestions / re commendations a revised draft bill on this issue was prepared that is awaiting final clearance of the Ministry since 2006.Role of Legal Deposit Act In simple term Legal Deposit is a statutory obligation which requires that any organization, commercial or public, and any psyche producing any type of documentation in multiple copies, be obliged to file one or to a greater extent copies with some recognised national institution/s. It is important to make sure that sound deposit legislation covers all kinds of published material, that is, material generally produced in multiple copies and offered to the public regardless of the intend of transmission. Public distribution could mean performance or display e.g. radio or television governmental program could be considered as published for legal deposit purposes when it has been broadcast. at heart the electronic issuings environment, it should be noned that a one write item such as, a infobase , stored on one server, could be s ubject to legal deposit requirement since it is made available to the public through a technology enabling the public to read, hear or view the material. 5 (Lariviere ). Most countries rely on a legal tool of some sort in order to ensure the comprehensiveness of their national deposit battle array.In all countries with legal deposit system, published material would naturally include books, periodicals, newspapers, microforms, sheet music, maps, brochures, pamphlets, etc. In some countries audio-visual material (sound recordings, films, videos, etc. ) is besides subject to legal deposit and thither are several countries where electronic events are also included into the legislation, but they have done this in different way some have excluded on-line electronic publications be reason of the numerous unsolved technical problems related to their acquisition and preservation problems related to ever changing scientific scenarios.Legal deposit legislation serves a clear national pub lic policy interest by ensuring comprehensive acquisition, recording, preservation and introduction of a nations published heritage. The role of a legal deposit system is to ensure the development of a national collection of published material in various formats. It should also support the compilation and publication of national bibliography in order to ensure bibliographic control over a comprehensive deposit collection. In addition, an efficacious legal deposit legislation guarantees to citizens and researchers in spite of appearance the kingdom and abroad, entryway to research collection ofthe national published material.Countries are developing many different models, but are clearly unable to intimidate one thousand with the massive changes and challenges related to the deposit of intangible publications. Department of National Heritage6, UK (1997) brought out a consultative paper on rate of flow legal deposit of publication issues establish on a questionnaire which iden tified several pertinent issues and posed a number of specific questions to which sought responses from exclusives and organizations. This document could also help Indian group and the government agencies in formulating the revised DB Act.Profile of Indian book publishing beforehand we deal with Indian Delivery of Books Act let us first look at the give up switch offs in book publishing in India. Over the last four decades a large volume of English style publishing has concentrated in and around the capital, Delhi. The city is also a study centre of Hindi publishing industry. With the rapid maturation of higher education from 1960s and the pressure built-up within the faculties due to UGCs policy of publish or perish resulted in the increase of publications of research monograph. India is one of the hardly a(prenominal) countries where 4 4.Invited Lectures theses and dissertations submitted for Ph. D. and other alike higher postgraduate degrees in humanities and social sci ences particularly, tug published as a routine matter, whereas in science and technology this would be a old phenomenon. There is no reliable source of annual book publishing data in India or any comprehensive list of Indian papers in different languages. D. N. Malhotra7 (2010), former President of FIP and an established publisher in English and Hindi claimed of having 15,000 20,000 publishing houses, mostly run by individuals or as wizard family business.According to Vinutha Mallay8 Senior Editor of Mapin Publishing, India is the sixth largest publishing industry in the world with annual growth of 15-20% third largest publishers of books in English, around 90,000 to 100,000 books are published annually, there are some 19,000 publishers in the country in addition sixty per cent of global publishing outsourcing is found in India. This growth trend is noticeable entirely from the 70s onwards when book trade turnover increased stepwise due to numeric growth of educational and r esearch institutions at every level.As we look back a few decades, the demand of English books grew fast in libraries of newly established universities, research institutions and other academic centres. private buyers of books constitute and a small percentage. Bulk of the titles was imported from the English speaking countries, mostly from the UK and ground forces based publishing houses. This book import business is largely handled by a few Delhi based book importers and distributors.To accelerate the book supply process from the shelves and warehouses the importers / distributers devised a practice of sending books on creed to academic staff and libraries, through local vendors or jobbers (newcomers in book trade to supply books on approval basis). They were allowed to take back books not selected within a credit limit of six months only. Within a few years these jobbers turned into legitimate vendors with book stock of their own which could not be returned to the wholesaler s within the stipulated six months credit limit.They start bookshops with the dead stock of their own and continue to supply books to the institutions on prevailing call and conditions. These vendors, having direct contacts with the researchers and faculty members on day to day basis, universe the actual selectors in all educational institutions, read offers to publish research monographs of academics. Many of them grabbed these offers on their own terms thereby joining the exclusive club of publishers. We now find several of these vendors are retail bookshop owners, library suppliers and also publishers, all in one.Perhaps it would not be out of place to add a few words of Iain Stevenson9 on the recent trends in British publishing keeping in oral sex that India is claimed to be the third largest English language publishing country. Since the beginning of this century, there have been strong trends in British publishing in the increase in concentration of publishing and book sel ling possession balanced by healthy specialization and the split second is an increasing awareness and impact of electronic media and words across sectors that have created a large impact across the book trade.In 2004 over 161,000 individual book titles were published in the U.K. as compared to 119,000 in 2001 and over 2. 5 judgment of convictions the number in 1990. Consumers spending on books reach 2436 m. sterling pounds (in 2000 it was 2000 million) out of which 30% was from the export sales.Individual buyers comprised the largest market share, some 70% of total book sale and 20% to academic institutions and corporate bodies. Indian Legal Deposit Legislation or Delivery of Books Act 1954 and its aftermath The act, commonly referred to as DB Act10 was amended in 1956 to include newspapers and serials chthonic its purview. Annual publishing of books in India during 1950s was small 5.Challenges in Library centering System (CLMS 2012) and below 30,000 titles, whereas by 2010 it is claimed to have exceeded 100,000 estimated go into obtained from FIP in the absence of any official data from any reliable source with substantial increase in the coverage of subjects, such as, science and technology. In a recent 11 Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture the National Library claimed to have certain 29,875 publications beneath the DB Act which happens to be only 30% of the estimated total publications as indicated by senior executives of the Library in several professional forums.It was also being pointed out in such gatherings that the other triple recipient libraries beneath this Act, in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai received even less during the same period. It is worth noting that this was claimed to be the highest figure ever reached by the library due to a special drive12Intellectual resource (NACONAL 2006). UNESCO Statistical yearbook is silent on the number of books published annually or the number of libraries in India over the last several decades , although India is one of the major contributors and active member of this international body.This sad state of affaire evidently reached, and continue to be, due to simple negligence of all concern. In most other countries annual publication figures were being provided by organizations declared as recipient/s down the stairs the legal deposit or copyright legislation of the country. There must be several reasons for the Library to reach in such a state and to argue, we guess, the limitations of DB Act cannot be the primary cause of it. Rigid administrative and monetary rules and regulations adopted by the Library to track down under the guidance of the Ministry, is surely to my mind, a major component part but not the main one.The crux of the matter is National Library never received a large number of recent Indian publications under the DB Act. We do not know who all are claimed to be Indian publishers. A sizable number of them are ignorant of DB Act obligations. It is also a fact that number of one time authorpublishers is also very high (15% 20%) especially in vernacular languages. The National Library together with the Central Reference Library affiliated to bring out Indian National Bibliography(INB) based on the books received under the DB Act, connatural in format of the British National Bibliography (BNB).However, neither the British Library (formerly British Museum Library) nor the Indian National Library is in any obligation under their respective(prenominal) legal deposit acts to bring out national bibliographies of books thus received under their respective legal deposit acts. . Bandhopadhyay13 points out,rules and policy adopted are working smoothly for the British Library but similar regulations unexpectedly, failed to work in our case. One has to keep in mind the fact that default in U. K. is an exception rather than general rule conflicting in India. The provision of penalty for default in DB Act of Rs.50. 00 sounds just notional. Ei ther revise it to a figure e. g. , Rs. 1000. 00 or 4-5 times of the actual market price of single copy, whichever is higher or just make it voluntary, and hope for the best. The reason of suggesting the latter provision is to avoid the highly cumbersome and constitutional procedural delay within our legal system. Since 1958 National Library did not take any legal action against one single defaulter till date. In UK and USA penalty clause is not mentioned as the legal deposit provision is covered under the countrys copyright acts.It is because of this reckon legal deposit provision is genuinely more effective and acceptable to authors and publishers of these countries. It would be more down-to-earth to suggest that National Library shall receive one copy of every Indian publication and the triplet other regional repository libraries in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai shall have the right to claim any current publication in their respective regional languages only, delivered take over of price under the revised provisions of the DB Act. The current practice of demanding four copies of every publication to be delivered dethaw of cost to each of 6.Invited Lectures these four libraries (including National Library) failed to meet our expectations. This is in addition to what publishers have to comply with the demands of different state central libraries under the squash and Book Registration Act of 1867. Moreover, a large volume of these books and other publications, thus received, especially language publications that are not so commonly used in some regions are usually being dumped or just temporarily stored as these are of no use to the library. This is a colossal wastage of national resource.On the other hand it would not be cost effective to make these so to say, clean books (four copies of each) routinely processed, provide costly storage musculus quadriceps femoris as tumefy as maintaining them for the posterity in four regional libraries. The National L ibrary shall receive one copy for preservation and access only create bibliographic records for the benefit of all stakeholders. There are several categories of publications e. g. in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages shall find users in other three regional libraries.Let us accept the real time scenario in terms of availability and accessibility for application of information and communication technologies (ICT) within library systems. Bibliographic data of publications received by the National Library under legal deposit legislation will be social to others from INB and National Library catalogue / database online. These three libraries shall buy one copy of all selected books in EHSU languages, from any local vendor / publishers. Additional fund annually spend by three libraries on this peak shall be reimbursed from a special annual central government award.The proposed module is based on the British legal deposit act where the British Library, London receives one copy of every book / publication and the other five libraries (Wales National Library, Aberystwyth, Scottish National Library, Edinburgh, Oxford University, Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin) obtain direct from the publishers, one copy of every book of their choice, selected from the weekly list of books received in the British Library under the legal deposit act.We made an attempt to get some estimation of the annual cost of books published under these four (EHSU) common languages from INB and the National library that would give an idea of the total fund undeniable for the three regional libraries under the revised provision of the Act. All the three libraries receive some annual grant from the central government.The revised provision in the act will also bring some savings in terms of time and resources, as lesser number of books are to be dealt with by the libraries. before than later, itwill be a reality (within a decade or so) of devising available a digi tal copy of an Indian publication by the National Library online, that was not originally selected or received earlier to a library or an individual from its own stock within or right(prenominal) the country.The technology is already in experimental stage at various levels. Slowly and gradually a large part of Indian publications will be brought out in e-format only, which will also change our current perception of borrowing or consulting a book from a conventional library.boulder clay we reach that stage in India and the transitional period of overlap (20 years? ) we shall carry on with twain the systems as we are now have both bullock carts as easily as a BMW 7e series cars on our roads for transportation. Indian library systems shall take a giganticer path and time to switch over to reach this goal. Moreover, any change in our library modernization programme shall be fully dependent on application of technological innovations resulting in inevitable 14 acceptance of a never e nding process.Thomas Abhram in a recent article expressed, ebooks will be hugely cheaper with the removal of paper and inventory costs. All things taken into account, books in print format are not certainly going away ever from circulation. And e-books, from a publishing point of view, are a consummation devoutly to be wished. We in India, specially the National Library are to continue dealing with print copies of books for several decades together with information resources available in e-books and or in any other format.7 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Table 1 Books in Indian Languages accredited in National Library LANGUAGE 2007 08 Assamese Bengali English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu thorough 97 991 5756 127 2370 687 1500 1400 2661 602 112 3685 248 521 20757 NL/DB Act 2008 09 35 1463 5385 348 1722 600 1200 1351 52 576 287 2526 145 304 15994 337 2189 5530 476 1237 877 866 1341 750 000 111 1186 406 292 15598 300 350 450 830 INB (2010) AVERAGE COST.The figures quoted above (Table-1) under Books received by the National Library under DB Act during 2007-08 and 2008-09 and those listed in INB for 2010 (CRL) were obtained from the respective libraries on personal requests. In a paper presended at the NACONAL 2006 by Mandal & Syed Abuzar15 (2006) indicated National Library received about 20,000 books annually during 1990 2002. They claimed the Library received about 30,000 during 2005-06 due to some special drive and about similar number of volumes during 2010-11as recorded in the Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture.Unfortunately we could not get breakdown of figures under each language of 29,875 books received during 2005-06 nor of INB listed figures for 2009 and 2011. The significant gap of Oriya books received during 2007-08 and 2008-09 was due to some special efforts put by the concerned language specialist during 2007. NoteAverage cost of recently published books in English, H indi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages has been worked out from a sample of books procured by University of Delhi, Central Library, Central Secretariat Library and the U. S. Library of Congress, Book procurement Centre in Delhi.We made here an estimation of annual additional grant amount to be provided by central government to support the three regional libraries (in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai) under the proposed revised legal deposit legislation. The National Library shall receive one copy only of every Indian publication free of cost delivered by the publishers, and the three regional public libraries are to purchase one copy of any book (in EHSU languages) selected by a library from open market. The three libraries are entitled, under the law, to receive free of cost, one copy of a book published in respective regional languages.It is estimated that each library shall selectively acquire per year about 30,000 new Indian publications (10,000 EHSU + 20,000 in respective regional languages) out of about 90,000 books published annually. It means, central government shall reimburse annually the cost of 30,000 books in EHSU languages where average cost of a set of four EHSU books is Rs. 2000 or Rs. 60 million (30,000 x2000 = 60,000,000). In addition, another 10m (Rs. 10,000,000) would be required to cover annual subscription cost of EHSU periodicals and newspapers. Thus we reach an estimated figure of Rs.70m or 7crore (add another 10% 8 Invited Lectures annually for inflation). These figures are being presented to get some idea of the extra cost we propose to modification on to the central government exchequer. If this revised guidelines are adopted in our legal deposit act (now under revision) by taking over the extra burden of book fund of the three regional libraries by the central exchequer then we could surely expect of getting better cooperation from the publishing sodality in fulfilling their responsibilities towards the provisions of the revised act.G roup of publishers bringing out EHSU language publications are to supply only TWO free copies, like all other publishers, one to the National Library and the other to parliament Library. The only sensible expectation of the publishers from the CRL / National Library is to bring out a comprehensive, up to date online INB, listing all currently published titles thus received under the act and provide facilities of golden access to the readers within a reasonable time frame.Under the revised provision of the act, there is a strong opinion that Chennai based Connemara Public Library shall receive one copy free of cost, of every publication in Dravidian languages (e. g. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu). Similarly Central Library, Mumbai shall receive books in all western Indian languages, such as Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, etc. , and Delhi Public Library shall get publications in Punjabi, Kashmiri, etc. as commonly spoken in the three respective regions. National Library is to re ceive one copy of all the publications.In addition to the respective regional languages publications these three libraries shall purchase one copy of publications of their choice, in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU), from publishers / local vendors. Total annual cost of this category of publications shall be reimbursed from central exchequer. With the introduction of advanced ne iirk technologies, libraries shall be benefitted for not to process (Catalogue / classify highest cost factor) these books as relevant data can be downloaded from INB.The second alternative is to incorporate legal deposit provision within the revised copyright legislation as done in the USA and UK. It is possible to reduce the number of defaulting Indian publishers to bare minimum. merely very recently the National Library claimed to have increased intake of publications under the Act by extended promotional work through the media and sending direct appeal to publishers that have helped it in bring ing more and more publishers within the DB Act net.Secondly, if the total number of copies of each title (an average of septette copies) under both PR and DB Acts could be drastically reduced to minimum two only, there is a hope of getting full support and cooperation of Indian publishers to go by the rule book. ternary and the most important factor is to make INB up to date and bring it out at continual frequency (monthly ) with the target of putting it online within a scheduled time frame. What we need is determination and political will to make the Indias National Library the effective hub of Indian library systems.Similarly, there are several other issues, listed below, which also require attention by both the National Library and appropriate government agencies that shall help in do India proud of its National Library. Central Reference Library (CRL) In 1971 administration of the CRL was separated from the National Library by making it a subordinate daub under the Departme nt of Culture. This was an ideal opportunity we missed, for shifting the CRL to Delhi.In the middle of 1970s Central Government created a new wing of the Central Secretariat Library (CSL) and named it as Tulsi Sadan Library to collect and provide access exclusively to all Indian language (excluding English) publications, to commemorate the 400th year of Tulsidasa (of Ramcharitmanas fame). CSL could have been merged with CRL and allowed it to operate from some temporary location till a permanent home could be found or built at the proposed site opposite to the National Museum on 9 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Janpath, originally proposed by Edwin Lutyens.CRL would have been the natural choice of declaring it as the fourth recipient public library in Delhi, under the DBAct (instead of making the Delhi Public Library with reluctance, during the 1970s). Ministry of Culture is now under unvoiced pressure for shifting the Central Secretariat Library out of Shastri Bhavan complex due to severe space crunch and security issues. It is a fact that CSL has lost its original objective of serving information unavoidably of all central secretariat units. Today all the ministries are having their own libraries with specialized collections to cater their respective information needs.It now serves as a general reading room for Shastri Bhavan employees. Reading for pleasure is not so common with the government employees. Central Secretariat Library is administratively a subordinate office of the Ministry of Culture. A large section of its regular visitors, viz. postgraduate students and research scholars have stopped visit the library due to overwhelming security checks involved in getting through Shastri Bhavan. Recently several thousand volumes of its rich older collections were being disposed under executive orders to make room for babus of the Ministry.It could have been easier to find a suitable location for CRL (incorporating CSL) in Delhi during 1970s. Attempts were also being made during the 1970s and eighties to merge the CRL with the National Library but these were also stalled by staff associations of the two libraries. During this period, management of the National Library was weak as a result, library service also suffered considerably. Central government in Delhi continued to be indecisive in taking appropriate steps while local library administration in Kolkata failed to deal with the day to day issues in any effective manner.It was more of a failure of the management both at the operational as well as policy making levels. The government allowed the National Library to drift away in the absence of any suitable action plan in place to overcome the crisis. Nor there was any move or pressure from any other corner library professionals, media or library users group. This long drawn uncertainty and lack of effective management control within the National Library campus directly affected work and administration of Cent ral Reference Library thereby putting publication of INB also on the back burner.Indian National Bibliography (INB) It started in 1958 following the British National Bibliography (BNB) format. To overcome the complexity of multi-script languages it adopted Romanization of all scripts with the descriptive part of each entry in English. This has created problems for many who are not familiar with Roman script or English language. The job of printing INB monthly issues was given exclusively to the Government of India Press in Kolkata that failed to realise, from the beginning, the magnificence of maintaining the production and delivery schedule.After years of persuasion by CRL the Ministry allowed printing of INB through private press. Cataloguing of every title, received by the National Library under BD Act, is first to be acknowledged by the Library then sent to CRL on record, where it will be catalogued once according to INB practices and then books shall be sent back to the Nation al Library for re-cataloguing according to its own specified rules followed by due processing for storage.This long drawn administrative procedural factors and duplication of cataloguingprocess have claimed to be a major cause of delay from the date of receipt of the publication to the time its record is found in INB followed by making it available to readers of National Library This delay factor has also indirectly discouraged publishers to follow the DB Act guidelines strictly on the pretext of not finding INB to be a regular and up to date periodical either as a reliable check list of current Indian publications or a selection tool for libraries and other stakeholders nor their publications are found in any bibliographic record of the National Library on time.National Library takes its own time, sometime nearly two years, to allow access to the books received under the DB Act. Importance of promotion and marketing of INB did never get much support from the concerned authorities.A doption of appropriate technologies at 10 Invited Lectures different levels of administration and access to resources has been continuously lagged behind. Most national libraries of the world are having full responsibilities of preserving and allowing access to their collections by providing adequate index and other access tools, e.g. national bibliographies, subject bibliographies, annotated catalogues of special collections, many of these are now accessible online on their respective websites.We must allow the National Library for setting up National Bibliographic stratum with full control of bringing out INB and to provide other bibliographic services covering pan-India in appropriate standardized formats, as required from time to time.By taking full advantage of technological advances supported by a group of committed well qualified staff the Library would be able to help in both improving and widening the scope of services to individuals as well as to provide back-up services to a large number of academic and public libraries in and outside the country. For example, the day Indian libraries in general adopt the same processing format for all new titles listed in INB,India can claim to have won half the battle in modernizing our library services and systems.Without going into details one can only highlight the fact of centralized processing initiated and utilize in most national libraries which have directly and indirectly helped respective library systems of these countries. We are well aware of the fact that both the CRL and INB are as if, linked with the DB Act by an umbilical cord cord that needs to be focused and dealt with separately for a drastic revision. Proposals l l entitle of the revised act may be Delivery of Publications (National Library) Act.Definition of Publications shall include all printed documents, such as, books, periodicals, serials, newspapers, e-publications including audio books, CD books, DVDs and digital online publications and /or any other reformatted or original document produced for commercial distribution, e. g. microform documents. Only one copy of all publications shall be delivered free of charge, direct to the National Library of India (or at an spread over specified by the Library). The act shall also make adequate provision for the three regional libraries based in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai to receive on.